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	<title>History</title>
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		<img alt="S. N. Korsakov" src="../picture/korsakov_min.jpg" />
		<h1>
			Korsakov's</h1>
		<h1>
			“Intellectual machines”</h1>
		<h5>
			<a href="../Khrono.html">Русский</a>
		</h5>
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			<a href="#Chronology">The Chronology of Inventions</a>
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			<a href="#About Korsakov">About Korsakov</a>
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		<div>
			<a href="#About Povarov">About Povarov </a>
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		<h1>
			<a name="Chronology">The Chronology of Inventions</a></h1>
		<p>
			We owe it to a professor of cybernetics department of Moscow Engineering Physics
			Institute, Helius Nickolaevich Povarov (1928–2004) that the unfairly forgotten intellectual
			machines of our compatriot, Semen Nikolaevich Korsakov, have been rediscovered.
		</p>
		<p>
			<span class="year">1832</span>
			– Korsakov publishes a brochure in French illustrating his method and the invented
			intellectual machines. This very year he applies to the Imperial Academy of Science
			in St. Petersburg, but never gets official support.
		</p>
		<p>
			<span class="year">1961</span>
			– M. I. Radovsky publishes two articles of ASUSSR to reconsider Korsakov's petition.
		</p>
		<p>
			<span class="year">1982</span>
			– Povarov announces about Korsakov's on a seminar about artificial intelligence
			held under the supervision of E. A. Alexandrov in the Central House of Medical-Workers
			Culture (Moscow).
		</p>
		<p>
			<span class="year">2001</span>
			– H. N. Povarov publishes an article about Korsakov and his inventions in English
			in a book called “Computing in Russia” published in Germany by Vieweg. That publication
			in a modern international language has revived interest in the unfairly forgotten
			Korsakov's works.
		</p>
		<p>
			<span class="year">2005</span>
			– Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (National Research Nuclear University) publishes
			posthumously Povarov's brochure called “The Sources of Russian Cybernetics” containing
			an article about Korsakov's inventions where he highlighted their importance in
			the history of Russian informatics and artificial intelligence. The article acknowledges
			the priority of the perforated card use by the Russian inventor.
		</p>
		<p>
			<span class="year">2005</span>
			– A. U. Nitusov (a co-editor of “Computing in Russia”) published an article devoted
			to Korsakov's inventions in Russian in PC Week/Re #26, 2005.
		</p>
		<p>
			<span class="year">2008</span>
			– V. V. Shilov includes a review of Korsakov's inventions in his article “Logic
			Machines and Their Creators” (a supplement to “Information Technologies”, issue
			#8, 2008).
		</p>
		<p>
			<span class="year">2007–2009</span>
			– The cybernetics department of Moscow Engineering Physics Institute visualizes
			Korsakov's machines functioning.
		</p>
		<p>
			<span class="year">2009</span>
			– A. S. Mikhailov present a theoretical interpretation of the machines functioning
			on a Scientific Session of Moscow Engineering Physics Institute 2009.
		</p>
		<p>
			<span class="year">2009</span>
			– Moscow Engineering Physics Institute publishes the translation of the original
			Korsakov's brochure called “A Depiction of a New Research Method, Using Machines
			which Compare Ideas” (1832) with a supplementary article which contains the history
			of the invention and an endeavour to interpret theoretically the functioning of
			the five machines and an analysis of Korsakov's innovative ideas. That year A. V.
			Siromyatin publishes independently his own translation of Korsakov in his articles
			“Electronic Culture:the Transmission into Social, Cultural and Education areas”.
			Edited by A. U. Alexeev, S. U. Kapchuk, 2009.
		</p>
		<p>
			<span class="year">2010</span>
			– Korsakov's inventions are announced at The Russian Homeopathic Society conference
			(<a href="http://www.mhc.ru/rgo">www.mhc.ru/rgo</a>).
		</p>
		<p>
			<span class="year">2010</span>
			– A web-site devoted to Korsakov's inventions is created.
		</p>
		<h1>
			<a name="About Korsakov">Korsakov Semen Nikolayevich</a></h1>
		<img src="../Picture/korsakov.jpg" alt="" class="img2" />
		<p>
			Semen Nikolayevich Korsakov (1787–1853) – a Russian nobleman and an official at
			the Empire Ministry of Internal Affairs – was the inventor of mechanical devices,
			the so-called “intellectual machines” for information search and classification,
			and the pioneer of punched card use in informatics. He is also known for his works
			in the field of homeopathics and the creation of the firs information bureau in
			Moscow.
		</p>
		<p>
			Korsakov descended from an old noble family, which appeared in Moscow in the 15th
			century. He was born in 1787 in Kherson, Russian Empire. Korsakov took part in the
			Napoleon war in 1812–1814. After the war he served at the Empire Ministry of Internal
			Affairs in St. Petersburg and resigned as a councillor of State (general). Korsakov
			was a recipient of the Order of St. Anna (2nd degree)and the Order of St. Vladimir
			(4th degree) as well as the Prussian “For-Merits” Order. After his resignation he
			lived in the village of Tarusovo, then part of the Moscow Province, where he died
			in 1853.
		</p>
		<p>
			In the first half of the 19th century Korsakov invented and created a number of
			mechanical devices which function using punched tables and were designed for information
			search and classification:
		</p>
		<ul>
			<li>
				a linear homeoscope without movable parts (fr. Homeoscope rectiligne a pieces fixes);</li>
			<li>
				a linear homeoscope with movable parts (fr.Homeoscope rectiligne a pieces mobiles);</li>
			<li>
				a flat homeoscope (fr. Homeoscope plane);</li>
			<li>
				an ideascope (fr. Ideoscope);</li>
			<li>
				a simple compatator (fr. Comparateur simple).</li>
		</ul>
		<h1>
			<a name="About Povarov">Povarov Helius Nickolaevich</a></h1>
		<img src="../Picture/povarov.jpg" alt="" class="img2" />
		<p>
			Helius Nickolaevich Povarov (1928–2004) – a Russian mathematician, philosopher,
			logician and science historian, a professor of the cybernetics department of Moscow
			Engineering Physics Institute who contributed to a large extent to the development
			of Russian cybernetics and science philosophy.
		</p>
		<p>
			He is the author of a philosophical systematical theory of scientific progress where
			it is described as a process of increasing complexity. Povarov's works were published
			in P. V. Alexeevs articles “Russian Philosophers of the 19–20 centuries”. He elaborated
			the mathematical theory of contact schemes synthesis with one or several outputs
			as well as the theory of cumulated networks. Moreover, he offered a concept of event-trigger
			logics, researched and Boolean functions and wrote many articles about Russian computing
			history. Povarov edited the Russian translation of the classical N. Winer's books
			called “Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine”.
			and A. D. Hall's “A Methodology for Systems Engineering”. It is Povarov to whom
			we are indebted for rediscovering Korsakov's inventions.
		</p>
	</div>
	<div class="footer">
		<p>
			Site builder – Bilyalova A. A. (asena.89 [] mail.ru), Vizualization of the Korsakov's
			machine – Bilyalova A. A., Boiko М. V., Translate to English – Sophiya Gorman.</p>
		<p>
			Scientific adviser – C. of e. s., associate professor Mikhailov А. S. (almikh []
			mail.ru)</p>
		<p>
			<a href="http://cyber.mephi.ru/">Cybernetics's department of NRNU MEPHI</a></p>
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